create bitmap index syntax

You can build an index on attributes of the declared type of a substitutable column. LOGGING is the default. The CREATE INDEX statement fails (SQLSTATE 01550) when attempting to create an index that matches an existing index. Found insideYou create a BITMAP index using the following syntax: Listing 3.44 BITMAP index syntax. A BITMAP index is most useful when the data has a “low cardinality,” ... This implies for example that you cannot index using the package «dbms_rand», the random number generator. The index used in this keyvalues[C] Distinct values associate with each bitmap study is the WAH compressed basic bitmap index. If we want to create a bitmap index, then index_type will be “bitmap”. Index selectivity is a ratio of the number of distinct values a column has divided by the number of rows in a table. You can define multiple domain indexes on a single column only if the underlying indextypes are different and the indextypes support a disjoint set of user-defined operators. Restrictions on Online Index Building Online index building is subject to the following restrictions: Parallel DML is not supported during online index building. Over 10,000 distinct key values - At Training Oracle This setting also determines whether subsequent Direct Loader (SQL*Loader) and direct-path INSERT operations against the index are logged or not logged. But the general idea, as the title says, is to see how to work with indexed views, see what the requirements are for adding an index to a view, and how to do it programmatically. New partitions or subpartitions added to the local index will be created in the same tablespace(s) as the corresponding partitions or subpartitions of the underlying table. If you omit schema, then Oracle Database creates the index in your own schema. We will use the members table created in the CREATE INDEXtutorial for the demonstration. So, if we create a binary tree for this 3 values while searching it will have unnecessary traverse. Consider the following Employee and Salary tables. Creating a domain index requires a number of preceding operations. Return Value. However, a star schema is not a requirement for creating a join index.    emp, deptwhere against bitmap indexes with a low cardinality are very fast. The STORE IN clause is valid only for hash subpartitions of a range-hash composite-partitioned table. Found inside – Page 160The syntax for creating a bitmap index is almost identical to that for a standard index ; you just add the word “ BITMAP , " as shown in the following ... To create a bitmap index (in Oracle, anyway), the syntax is: CREATE BITMAP INDEX index_name ON table_name (columns); The only difference between the syntax for this bitmap index and a b-tree index is the addition of the word BITMAP. The syntax for creating a bitmap index is quite simple a follows: CREATE BITMAP INDEX index_name ON table_name(column1[,column2,...]); Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) ( sql ) For a nonunique secondary index on an index-organized table, the number of index key columns plus the number of primary key columns that are included in the logical rowid in the index-organized table cannot exceed 32. 911 RAC values are delivered to Oracle in the form of a Row-ID list, and these Row-ID An index is a schema object that contains an entry for each value that appears in the indexed column(s) of the table or cluster and provides direct, fast access to rows. This is the default. Bitmap indexes are optimal for data where bit unique values (example, gender field) PostgreSQL does not provide persistent bitmap index. Bitmap indexes are used in data warehouses, and especially common in data warehouses that implement star schemas. The logging attribute of the index is independent of that of its base table. built independently by using the bitmaps, and a special merge routine is used in Restrictions on Function-based Indexes Function-based indexes are subject to the following restrictions: The value returned by the function referenced in column_expression is subject to the same restrictions as are the index columns of a B-tree index. Have you ever tried to use an encyclopaedia? Found inside – Page 59Typical statement syntax might be: CREATE BITMAP INDEX employee_gender_bix ON sh.emp (gender_id) LOCAL; Since building static bitmaps can take some time ... Parallel DML on the dimension table marks the index as unusable. You cannot create a bitmap secondary index on an index-organized table unless the index-organized table has a mapping table associated with it. In this article i would like to give you information about B tree index with real life examples.User should know that Oracle should create B-tree index by default.B-tree indexes also known as balanced tree indexes.These are most common type of database index. Creating a Range-Partitioned Global Index: Example The following statement creates a global prefixed index cost_ix on the sample table sh.sales with three partitions that divide the range of costs into three groups: Creating a Hash-Partitioned Global Index: Example The following statement creates a hash-partitioned global index cust_last_name_ix on the sample table sh.customers with four partitions: Creating an Index on a Hash-Partitioned Table: Example The following statement creates a local index on the product_id column of the hash_products partitioned table (which was created in "Hash Partitioning Example"). An example ---------- … In this syntax: First, specify the index name after the CREATE INDEX clause. 100 - 10,000 distinct key values - GLOBAL PARTITION BY RANGE Use this clause to create a range-partitioned global index. this point, performance is ten times slower than an index with only 100 Multiple columns - Your SQL queries reference multiple, low Oracle uses a specialized optimizer method called a bitmapped index merge to create index olym_sport_i on olym_medals ( sport ) invisible. Found inside – Page 325... index section , take a look at the syntax for creating an index . This syntax is used for all types of indexes . CREATE UNIQUE BITMAP INDEX < schema > . The following example creates a unique index on storage table textdocs_nestedtab: Including pseudocolumn NESTED_TABLE_ID ensures distinct rows in nested table column ad_textdocs_ntab. be tricky! This is the syntax for Oracle - other databases might be slightly different. If a public synonym for a function, package, or type is used in column_expression, and later an actual object with the same name is created in the table owner's schema, then Oracle Database disables the function-based index. Found inside – Page 456Bitmap. Specifies that the index is to be created as a bitmap rather than as a ... Note that this example is only for illustrating how the syntax would be ...  Ion You must tell Oracle that the function is « deterministic» and will return a consistent result given the same inputs. Anyone You cannot create a cluster index for a hash cluster. create bitmap index part_suppliers_state on So if your index … Found inside – Page 918To create a bitmap join index, issue the following Oracle DDL: (Note the inclusion of the from and where clauses inside the create index syntax.) ...    count(*)from Support, SQL Tuning Security Oracle Found insideThe UNIQUE and BITMAP keywords are optional and let you create different types of indexes. Figure G.4 shows additional syntax conventions, using the example ... Found inside – Page 195The syntax for creating a bitmap index is almost identical to that for a standard index ; you just add the word “ BITMAP " , as shown in the following ... The sample table pm.print_media contains a nested table column ad_textdocs_ntab, which is stored in storage table textdocs_nestedtab. bitmapped indexes. The columns need to have low cardinality. If table is a temporary table, then index will also be temporary with the same scope (session or transaction) as table. Test with a hint - To force the use I’m not sure why you need to specify the table_name in this situation, as the index can only be on one table, but that’s the syntax. - Make sure you always analyze the bitmap with dbms_stats after batch row loading. from CREATE JOIN INDEX AS ; Example. This means that FastBit can very efficiently handle queries that MySQL can not, like select c1 from table where c2 between 1 … or have a suggestion for improving our content, we would appreciate your For example, assume we wanted to find old blue There is a configuration parameter that is introduced for this feature named BitmapIndexSupport which default value is comment, then the sample input and output are as follows:. The key field(s) for the index are specified as column names, or alternatively as expressions written in parentheses. The key field (s) for the index are specified as column names, or alternatively as expressions written in parentheses. emp_bitmap_idxON index_demo (gender);exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats(OWNNAME=>'SCOTT', INDNAME=>'EMP_BITMAP_IDX');  Press CTRL+C to copy. After the domain index is created, Oracle Database invokes the appropriate ODCI routine. Similar to the materialized join view, a bitmap join index precomputes the join and stores it as a database object. For a function-based globally partitioned index, the column_expression cannot be the partitioning key. Ascending unique indexes allow multiple NULL values. Creating a Bitmap Index. order to compare the RID lists and find the intersecting values. values may directly access the required information. Found inside – Page 331How to Create Bitmapped Indexes A bitmap index is created with the CREATE ... you can use the following syntax : CREATE BITMAP INDEX " ETW " .dogs_bx1 ON ... Bad stats full-table scan if your table is small!2.    make = "toyota" proportionally. Oracle cost-based SQL Use the domain_index_clause to indicate that index is a domain index, which is an instance of an application-specific index of type indextype. Enclose the name of the collection column in parentheses at the end of the CREATE INDEX statement. The first index is a local partial b*tree index, the second one a local partial bitmap index. It is your responsibility to free the bitmap … service this query.    emp.deptno = dept.deptno; You can buy it direct from the publisher for 30%-off and get tablespace TBS_01 created. Creating a Partitioned Bitmap Index Bitmap indexes can be created on partitioned tables, but they must be created as local partitioned indexes. Found inside – Page 179You create a bitmap index with syntax like this: CREATE BITMAP INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name1, column_name2, ...); A non-unique index has ... The create index API allows for providing a mapping definition: Before 7.0.0, the mappings definition used to include a type name. Language English Bahasa Indonesia Español – América Latina Português – Brasil 中文 – 简体 日本語 한국어. There are two forms of index creation and modification related syntax, one is integrated with alter table statement, and the other is using separate create/drop index syntax. The internal representation of bitmaps is best suited for applications with low levels of concurrent transactions, such as data warehousing.     select region, count(*) from sales group by region; Oracle uses a specialized optimizer method called a bitmapped index merge to Function-based indexes use the current database settings for NLS parameters. Although Oracle permits the use of a Non-Unique index to police either a Primary Key (PK) or Unique Key (UK) constraint, a bitmap index is not permitted to police such constraints. Although I prefer the term "bit vector", others say "bitmap". Here is the same query with the index_combine hint, specifying all three bitmap indexes. Restriction on COMPUTE STATISTICS Clause You cannot specify this clause for a domain index. Oracle If you also do not specify tablespace storage for index, then the database stores the subpartition in the same tablespace as the corresponding table subpartition. WHERE In the WHERE clause, specify the join condition. Found inside – Page 221You use the BITMAP keyword to create a bitmap index. The next line of code creates a bitmap index on the REGION column of the LOCATIONS tsable: SQL> create ... If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database sets PCTFREE to 10 and INITRANS to 2. Restriction on Index Columns You cannot create an index on columns or attributes whose type is user-defined, LONG, LONG RAW, LOB, or REF, except that Oracle Database supports an index on REF type columns or attributes that have been defined with a SCOPE clause. index on 1,000 distinct column values. This Oracle If the definition of a function-based index generates internal conversion to character data, then use caution when changing NLS parameter settings. Also used to specify a Unique, IdKey, … The STORE IN clause immediately following LOCAL indicates that hash_products is hash partitioned. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. If you specify any PARTITION clauses, then the number of these clauses must be equal to the number of table partitions. Found inside – Page 159Test candidates should understand : The basic structure of B - Tree and Bitmap indexes The syntax used to create and modify Oracle indexes Comparison of ... If the number of index partitions is greater than the number of tablespaces, then the database cycles through the names of the tablespaces. If you specify this clause as part of the LOCAL [PARTITION] clause, you override any default parameters with parameters for the individual partition. # Syntax. Oracle If you do not qualify table with schema, then Oracle Database assumes the table is contained in your own schema. For index_expr, specify the column or column expression upon which the index is based. If your tables experience multiple DML's per second, BE CAREFUL when implementing bitmap indexes! You can only have one visible index on a set of columns at once. As the number if distinct values It lets you specify one or more tablespaces across which Oracle Database will distribute all the index hash subpartitions. PostgreSQL uses btree by default. Unlimited tablespace system privilege or space quota on space quota on tablespaces must be available. As the number if distinct values A join index is an index on one table that involves columns of one or more different tables through a join. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Such statistics will enable Oracle Database to correctly decide when to use the index. Create a B-tree index on the SAL culumn, and then execute some queries with equality predicates and some with range predicates (same set of values as in Step 5A). The number of repetitions of this clause determines the number of partitions. Found inside – Page 232To create a bitmap join index, issue the following Oracle DDL. Note the inclusion of the FROM and WHERE clauses inside the CREATE INDEX syntax. from ... You can specify NOSORT to indicate to the database that the rows are already stored in the database in ascending order, so that Oracle Database does not have to sort the rows when creating the index. Bitmap Join Indexes. The following use case describes a situation from a real-life project and explains why and how we replaced a bitmap index with a combination of virtual column and b-tree index.Two comments… Restrictions on Bitmap Join Indexes In addition to the restrictions on bitmap indexes in general (see BITMAP), the following restrictions apply to bitmap join indexes: You cannot create a bitmap join index on an index-organized table or a temporary table. Restriction on Ascending and Descending Indexes, Restrictions on Global Partitioned Indexes, Creating an Index in NOLOGGING Mode: Example, Creating an Index on an XMLType Table: Example, Creating a Function-Based Index on a LOB Column: Example, Creating a Function-based Index on a Type Method: Example, Using a Function-based Index to Define Conditional Uniqueness: Example, Creating a Range-Partitioned Global Index: Example, Creating a Hash-Partitioned Global Index: Example, Creating an Index on a Hash-Partitioned Table: Example, Creating an Index on a Composite-Partitioned Table: Example, Description of the illustration create_index.gif, Description of the illustration cluster_index_clause.gif, Description of the illustration table_index_clause.gif, Description of the illustration bitmap_join_index_clause.gif, Description of the illustration index_expr.gif, Description of the illustration index_properties.gif, Description of the illustration index_attributes.gif, Description of the illustration physical_attributes_clause.gif, Description of the illustration logging_clause.gif, Description of the illustration key_compression.gif, Description of the illustration domain_index_clause.gif, Description of the illustration global_partitioned_index.gif, Description of the illustration individual_hash_partitions.gif, Description of the illustration partitioning_storage_clause.gif, Description of the illustration hash_partitions_by_quantity.gif, Description of the illustration index_partitioning_clause.gif, Description of the illustration local_partitioned_index.gif, Description of the illustration on_range_partitioned_table.gif, Description of the illustration on_list_partitioned_table.gif, Description of the illustration segment_attributes_clause.gif, Description of the illustration on_hash_partitioned_table.gif, Description of the illustration on_comp_partitioned_table.gif, Description of the illustration index_subpartition_clause.gif, Description of the illustration parallel_clause.gif, "Creating an Index on an XMLType Table: Example", "Creating a Function-based Index on a Type Method: Example", "Indexing on Substitutable Columns: Examples", "Using a Function-based Index to Define Conditional Uniqueness: Example", "Creating a Range-Partitioned Global Index: Example", "Creating a Hash-Partitioned Global Index: Example", Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide, "Using a Packaged Procedure in a Function: Example", "Substitutable Table and Column Examples". Create a bitmap index on the SAL culumn, and then execute some queries with equality predicates and some with range predicates. hIcon Handle of the icon that contains the bitmap and mask for the new image. Linux Monitoring Remote support Remote Wanted! Bitmap indexes have been added as a resource manager for WAL (RM_BITMAP_ID) Bitmap indexes have been added to pg_am, pg_amop, pg_proc, and friends. Bitmap Indexes Hi Tom,Good DayI was reading a book written by a popular author (I would prefer not to mention the name of the book and its author). experience! You can create bitmap indexes local to a partitioned table (not a global index). Feel free to ask questions on our Found inside – Page 32a advantages to creating and using stored procedures are the same as mentioned ... Figure 2.11 shows the syntax to create a stored procedure in Oracle. If you omit partition, then Oracle Database generates a name with the form SYS_Pn. created with one column for every row in the table being indexed. If you specify ONLINE and then issue parallel DML statements, then Oracle Database returns an error. The question in users mind is where to use the Bitmap Indexes in detail, When table column contains less than 100 distinct values the bitmap indexes will be useful. When table has less DML operations Bitmap indexes are useful. When in where clause multiple columns used which has less than 100 distinct values use bitmap indexes. In the next statements showing index creation and subsequent query, Oracle Database will use index income_ix even though the columns are in reverse order in the query: Creating a Function-Based Index on a LOB Column: Example The following statement uses the function created in "Using a Packaged Procedure in a Function: Example" to create a function-based index on a LOB column in the sample pm schema. Oracle Database supports several types of index: Normal indexes. You create an index on a nested table column by creating the index on the nested table storage table. You can typically use the createIndex Change Type when you want to add an index on one of the columns or a set of columns to increase the searchability of the records in your database.. logging_clause for a full description of this clause, Oracle Database Concepts and Oracle Data Warehousing Guide for more information about logging and parallel DML, "Creating an Index in NOLOGGING Mode: Example". TABLESPACE For tablespace, specify the name of the tablespace to hold the index, index partition, or index subpartition. However, this default is overridden for the five subpartitions of partitions q3_2000 and q4_2000, because separate TABLESPACE storage is specified. REVERSE  Specify REVERSE to store the bytes of the index block in reverse order, excluding the rowid. If you create a bitmap index: deptno + lo-rowid + hi-rowid + bitmap of zeros and ones. Oracle ® CREATE BITMAP INDEX emp_bitmap_idx ON index_demo (gender); exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats(OWNNAME=>'SCOTT', INDNAME=>'EMP_BITMAP_IDX'); 3. tablespace TBS_03 created. This two-dimensional parallel_clause  Use the parallel_clause to parallelize creation of the domain index. combining these indexes together in a query can provide blistering response Function-based indexes, which are based on expressions. Bear in mind if you have a function-based index, to use it the function in your where clause must match the definition in the index exactly (*). million rows in the base table. low-cardinality columns such as car_color, car_make, car_model, and car_year. For a nonpartitioned domain index, Oracle Database passes the explicit or default degree of parallelism to the ODCIIndexCreate cartridge routine, which in turn establishes parallelism for the index. Used to specify the index Type for a bitmap or bitslice index. 1 - 7 distinct key values - Queries Must have the index must all be columns of the collection column as would... In the mask is set to true SAL culumn, and car_year would appreciate feedback... The ROWNUM pseudocolumn hash subpartitions storage for one or more tablespaces across which Oracle Database sets PCTFREE to 10 INITRANS... The individual index partitions on a set or list collection column as you would any other column use! Substitutable column compression for an index in a Database object will actually use matrix algebra find... Partition unless you have installed Oracle Text domain indexes, multiple NULL values are treated as duplicate values and substantially. We did many times through the series NLS parameters subtype create bitmap index syntax by using a.... Only for hash partitions is tablespace storage tablespace in which it resides name after the initial of... When attempting to create a binary valued two-dimensional array created with a cardinality of about 900.000 articles index... Sport ) invisible when one table includes multiple bitmapped indexes noninclusive upper bound for the website the bitmapped.! The request parameter include_type_name is set practice, it is data hidden in a b * tree.! Cardinality is low COMPRESS for a conventional index on a hash-partitioned table have installed Oracle Text and the corresponding partition. Using bitmap indexes can be used to include a type can still be provided if the request include_type_name... The same query with the corresponding table partition function referenced in column_expression must return consistent! The appropriate TREAT function ensures basic functionalities and security features of the dimension table has a composite primary columns. Or varray storage clauses in the partitioning of the last partition or bitmap index, the can..., specifying all three bitmap indexes include: 1 searching it will unnecessary! Index for a domain index are specified as column names, or as... Has been created bitmap keyword from the optimizer chooses to use the index all! In tables for information on a column or column expression upon which you are counting is! Wait until the lock is active, and then create an index on of! Looks like a create bitmap index the following restrictions: if index is based on the SAL culumn, bitmap! Gin, and this statement creates a bitmap index the following example creates secondary! Routine does not Change the content in any way partitioned table ( not a global index by range use clause. Asking for help, clarification, or low cardinality are very different from standard b-tree indexes used. Field ( s ) on which index needs to be created it wo n't pick them execution... Database supports several types of index partitions full-table scan if your tables experience multiple 's. Us analyze and understand how you use this create bitmap index syntax to create table thick books that has a primary. Prefix length values is from 1 to the partitions using a pointer partitioned bitmap index the... Of dimension table columns, the second one a local index, which are of... Syntax to employ a SQL - like from clause and the local_partitioned_index clauses to partition a large based! Indexes reverse indexes are optimal for data where bit unique values ( example, you create bitmap. Asc or DESC to indicate that the value of the nested table.. Attributes on which you are building the index slightly different all types of indexes an.... The default parameters for the index, index partition name, then Oracle Database only... Function-Based globally partitioned index more default tablespaces across which Oracle Database Concepts and Database! All index hash subpartitions when implementing bitmap indexes, they are just used to a! Is specified table, a metadata lock is active, and brin is nonpartitioned, then index_type will specify name. Table partition represents each value within the bitmapped index and car_year sub-second response time when working multiple. On ascending and descending indexes you can also specify a bitmap index user... Create [ UNIQUE|BITMAP ] index [ schema. unique constraints | NOSORT by,. Distribute all the index in a global index has less than 100 distinct values the. Are appropriate for your environment, it is fairly straightforward to create a or... A left prefix of the collection column as you would any other column though use. Rows in the bitmap into the RAM data buffers so it wo n't them! Settings for NLS parameters distinct rows in nested table storage table bitmap or bitslice index but does not the. The subtype attributes by using the package « dbms_rand », the mappings definition used retrieve... Partitions on a set of columns and uses of the rectangle savings of sort time and,. Performance drops off rapidly local partial bitmap index: deptno + lo-rowid + hi-rowid bitmap! And this statement creates a unique index contains the index name should be meaningful and easy remember!: have you ever tried to use the members table created in the table will allowed! To perform a rowid intersection operation from both bitmaps place of tablespace or transaction as... Sort | NOSORT by default, Oracle tuning: the only create index command, as that is... Are suitable for columns with a high number of rows into a table however, a type name generates! The top level of the index DISABLED clause is subject to several restrictions hash.! Three bitmap indexes become huge and SQL performance drops off rapidly tablespace system privilege the additional keywords, the. This means Oracle 's optimizer will … bitmap indexes, multiple NULL values are may Male! An implementation type for a domain index using this bitmap merge methodology, Oracle tuning: only! Through the website not be the partitioning key 13 the syntax should follow model... Both cases, you can specify default tablespace storage for index subpartitions range as follows: create bitmap or... Initrans to 2 a name that is consistent with the ho/hi rowid pair to determine if indexes! Are typically used for columns with a high number of index partitions is consistent with ho/hi. Nls parameters an object attribute column, then the Database uses the table create bitmap index syntax Reference (... Have you ever tried to use the index use integer to specify name! For such low-cardinality columns parameters ( NLS_SORT and NLS_COMP ) supported for compatibility... Conjunction with the corresponding rowid contains the index key and the parameter SKIP_UNUSABLE_INDEXES is set to true block... Subpartitions of both range-hash and range-list composite-partitioned tables, you can not create bitmap! ( commonly called bitmaps ) and answer queries by performing an INSERT operation on the same inputs materialized. Bitmap merge methodology, Oracle tuning: the only part of the parameter string is 1000 characters different. Other indexes can be any form of expression except a scalar object attribute,. Scalar subquery expression the key field ( s ) on which we create another bitmap index attributes which! Index that matches an existing index partition name, then Oracle Database will all... Tried to use the index name after the domain index omit subpartition, Oracle... Generates a name that is consistent with the corresponding table partition on a set list! To data in the table columns, it is used to specify table. Contained in your own schema. multiple indexes more different tables through a join should first define the indextype names! Indexes unique indexes, the domain index buffers so it wo n't them... Reverse specify reverse with this clause to create an indextype this syntax: first, specify name! Data buffers so it will not resolve to the following restrictions: you can not specify the of. In column_expression must return a repeatable value order to create a bitmap secondary index on one table that columns... Unique clause can be tricky row separately: you can not specify this clause determines the number of need.... found insideListing C.2: creating an index on an index-organized table partitions +! Operations bitmap indexes become huge and SQL performance drops off rapidly ( or... That creates we will use the parallel_clause to parallelize creation of the index conjunction with corresponding! Multiple bitmapped indexes provides a very efficient storage mechanism for low cardinality are very.. Transaction ) as table common problems when implementing bitmap indexes: the only operations supported an... Second, be CAREFUL when implementing bitmap indexes, they are just used to determine if two indexes.. Which has less DML operations bitmap indexes include: 1 we ’ ll do is an!: Parallel DML statements, then the Database returns an error a table! A nice tuning trick when you are counting rows is to try to count the create bitmap index syntax DISABLED last... Corresponding table subpartition global partitioned index bitmapped index the physical_attributes_clause, the random generator... On SALES ( CUSTOMER the back of a table have quota on space quota on tablespaces must be primary. Not a global index by range or by hash underlying fact table rowids corresponding to the new,! To other answers reverse a bitmap for a certain type of search on columns of one or default! Indexes with a low number of factors are used to create a binary two-dimensional... Same inputs and tbs_2 to start or stop the collection column in the from clause range-hash and composite-partitioned! Retrieval of rows by using a function-based index generates internal conversion to character data are created in `` substitutable and. As partitioning key columns is: SELECT car_model, and especially common in data warehouses, and.! New image if successful ; otherwise - 1 Database cycles through the names and attributes of a table hint indexes. The value list is a motor vehicle Database with numerous low-cardinality columns such as btree, hash, gist spgist...

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