To the scribes' and Pharisees' dismay, James boldly testified that "Christ himself sitteth in heaven, at the right hand of the Great Power, and shall come on the clouds of heaven". He is sometimes referred to in Eastern Christianity as "James Adelphotheos" (Greek: Ἰάκωβος ὁ Ἀδελφόθεος), James the Brother of God. "Origen twice asserts that Josephus said that the destruction of Jerusalem occurred because of what was done to James. It may be that the simple statement of Hegesippus was the sole ground of the more detailed tradition which Eusebius repeats in this chapter. ...Yet because of false brothers secretly brought in—who slipped in to spy out our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might bring us into slavery—to them we did not yield in submission even for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might be preserved for you. Jerome's opinion suggests an identification of James the Just with the Apostle James, son of Alphaeus; Clopas and Alphaeus are thought to be different Greek renderings of the same Aramaic name Khalphai. He has been universally called the Just, from the days of the Lord down to the present time. [35][note 8]. Symeon Rules the Church of Jerusalem after James. But let us go up and throw him down, that they may be afraid, and not believe him. James's church appears to have have thrived (although it was quite poor) through Paul's ministry. (1886), "The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The twelve patriarchs, Excerpts and epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac documents, Remains of the first ages", C. Scribner's Sons, pp. [49], The pseudepigraphical First Apocalypse of James associated with James's name mentions many details, some of which may reflect early traditions: he is said to have authority over the twelve apostles and the early church; claims that James and Jesus are not biological brothers; this work also adds, somewhat puzzlingly, that James left Jerusalem and fled to Pella, Jordan before the Roman siege of that city in 70. [21] There is no mention of James in the Gospel of John or the early portions of the Acts of the Apostles. Behind its fortress-like walls are the patriarchate, a hospice, living quarters for nuns and priests, a school, social clubs and a printing press — the first in Jerusalem, established in 1833. 32. 5 and that he appeared to Cephas; then to the twelve; The record says: They came, therefore, in a body to James, and said: "We entreat thee, restrain the people: for they have gone astray in their opinions about Jesus, as if he were the Christ. The Letter includes … St. James Orthodox Church under the Patriarchate of Jerusalem is located in Milpitas, California, serving the greater area of San Jose located in the heart of the Bay Area. [55] In Jewish Antiquities (20.9.1), Josephus describes James as "the brother of Jesus who is called Christ". Members of the Jerusalem church had been removed from the city and spread out to other Roman provinces because of persecution. According to Jerome (4th century), James, the Lord’s brother, was an apostle, too; Jerome quotes Scriptures as a proof in his work "The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary", writing the following: Notice, moreover, that the Lord's brother is an apostle, since Paul says «Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and tarried with him fifteen days. These four are found in the Gospel...(Fragment X)[32], Thus James, the brother of the Lord would be the son of Alphaeus, who is the husband of Mary the wife of Cleophas or Mary the wife of Alphaeus. James played a prominent role in the formulation of the council's decision. ...Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along with me. [695] In John 19:25[696] Hegesippus, quoted below in Bk. [89], On December 29, 2004, Golan was indicted in an Israeli court along with three other men – Robert Deutsch, an inscriptions expert who teaches at Haifa University; collector Shlomo Cohen; and antiquities dealer Faiz al-Amaleh. chap. Paul’s loyalty was to the “mother church” or community of saints in Jerusalem. In this case, James was one of Joseph's children from his previous marriage and, therefore, Jesus' stepbrother. In the dialogue, Peter speaks twice (3:12; 9:1) but misunderstands Jesus. II.[chap. [72], James, the brother of Jesus, was also stoned to death by the Jews. Eusebius himself, as he informs us in Bk. He was an early leader of the Jerusalem Church of the Apostolic Age. "Origen appreciates Josephus by noting that he has 'researched on the cause of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple' and concludes that Josephus is 'not far from the truth' in concluding that the reason for the calamity was the assassination of James the Just by the Jews", in "Origen and Josephus" by Wataru Mizugaki, in Louis H. Feldman, Gohei Hata (editors), Schaff, Philip (1904) Henry Wace "A Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church" BiblioBazaar, Early centers of Christianity § Jerusalem, Learn how and when to remove this template message, visit of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to the Temple of Jerusalem, Episcopal Church of the United States of America, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "Saint-James. [41] Jerome (5th century) quotes the non-canonical Gospel of the Hebrews: 'Now the Lord, after he had given his grave clothes to the servant of the priest, appeared to James, for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour in which he had drunk the Lord's cup until he should see him risen from the dead.' He puts Symeon's accession after the destruction of Jerusalem, but he evidently does that only because he supposed that it followed immediately upon the death of James. "The Brethren of Jesus". 23. Jerome concluded that James "the brother of the Lord", (Galatians 1:19) is therefore James, son of Alphaeus, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and the son of Mary Cleophas.[9]. The Antioch community was concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be circumcised to be saved, and sent Paul and Barnabas to confer with the Jerusalem church. Isn't his mother's name Mary, and aren't his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Jude? According to Eusebius, the Jerusalem church escaped to Pella during the siege of Jerusalem by the future Emperor Titus in 70 and afterwards returned, having a further series of Jewish bishops until the Bar Kokhba revolt in 130. [81], Origen related an account of the death of James which gave it as a cause of the Roman siege of Jerusalem, something not found in the current manuscripts of Josephus. [41], Epiphanius (4th century), bishop of Salamis, wrote in his work The Panarion (AD 374-375) that "James, the brother of the Lord died in virginity at the age of ninety-six".[42]. To explain this, Jerome first tells that James the Less must be identified with James, the son of Alphaeus, and reports in his work The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary the following: Do you intend the comparatively unknown James the Less, who is called in Scripture the son of Mary, not however of Mary the mother of our Lord, to be an apostle, or not? Media in category "Monastery of St. James, Jerusalem" The following 93 files are in this category, out of 93 total. 2:9). James had authority only in Jerusalem (and its “province”), but his name was known more widely because he was a blood relative of Jesus. For the King of Aragon, see, Brother of Jesus, according to the New Testament, Younger half-brother, son of Mary and Joseph, Older stepbrother, son of Joseph by an earlier marriage, Younger half-brother, son of Mary and a second husband, Identification with James, son of Alpheus, and with James the Less, Possible identity with James, son of Alphaeus, Since Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, as well as some, These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean, One corpus commonly cited as proof of this are the, According to Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius of Caesarea, Origen of Alexandria. Jesus' brothers – James as well as Jude, Simon and Joses – are named in Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3 and mentioned elsewhere. James is the only name regularly connected with the Jerusalem church in this period. In response, King Agrippa II replaced Ananus with Jesus son of Damneus. chap. When Paul arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the money he raised for the faithful there, it is to James that he speaks, and it is James who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself at Herod's Temple to prove his faith and deny rumors of teaching rebellion against the Torah (Acts 21:18ff). The church dates back to the 12th century, although it is not a large church every inch is covered in some kind of decoration or point of interest. 6 then he appeared to above five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain until now, but some are fallen asleep; John also mentions the "sister" of the mother of Jesus, often identified with Mary of Clopas due to grammar. With the remaining possibilities of relationship we do not need to concern ourselves. And shortly after Vespasian besieged Judaea, taking them captive. And he called to him his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every disease and every affliction. A cross-stone encrusted on the wall of the Monastery of St. James.jpg 1,966 × 2,651; 1.45 MB The Protevangelium of James (a 2nd century apocryphal gospel also called the Gospel of James or the Infancy Gospel of James), says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph and that he already had children. Then I went into the regions of Syria and Cilicia. For many bore the name of James; but this one was holy from his mother's womb. chap. the pontifex maximus) between the two other "prominent leading figures", Paul and James the Just.[20]. Scholars and theologians who assert this point out that Jesus was called "the son of Mary" rather than "a son of Mary" in his hometown (Mark 6:3).[9]. In describing James's ascetic lifestyle, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History (Book II, 23) quotes Hegesippus' account of James from the fifth book of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church: James, the Lord's brother, succeeds to the government of the Church, in conjunction with the apostles. Church of St. James of Jerusalem at Mullaghbrack, County Armagh is a friendly Christian community where we welcome others to join us in our … This is justified by the fact that cousins were also called "brothers" and "sisters" in Jesus' native language, Aramaic, which, like Biblical Hebrew, does not contain a word for cousin. Jesus said to them, 'Where you are, you are to go to James the Just, for whose sake heaven and earth came into existence'. The Armenian St James Church. And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present. And a little further on the Lord says, 'bring a table and bread.' James, along with the others named "brothers" of Jesus, are said by others to have been Jesus' cousins. I. chap. The Gospel of Thomas relates that the disciples asked Jesus, after his resurrection and before his Ascension, "We are aware that you will depart from us. 22, below) says that "Symeon was appointed the second bishop, whom all proposed as the cousin of our Lord." And one of them, who was a fuller, took the club with which he beat out clothes and struck the just man on the head". "[90] However, on March 14, 2012, Golan was declared not guilty of all charges of forgery, though with the judge saying this acquittal "does not mean that the inscription on the ossuary is authentic or that it was written 2,000 years ago" and "it was not proven in any way that the words 'the brother of Jesus' necessarily refer to the 'Jesus' who appears in Christian writings. This identification, however, is entirely arbitrary, and linguistically difficult, and we shall do better therefore to keep the men separate, as Renan does (see above, Bk. 23. Also, Jesus and James could be related in some other way, not strictly "cousins", following the non-literal application of the term adelphos and the Aramaic term for brother. [19] He supported them all in being against the requirement (Peter had cited his earlier revelation from God regarding Gentiles) and suggested prohibitions about eating blood as well as meat sacrificed to idols and fornication. The New Testament mentions several people named James. In A.D. 58 Paul visited Jerusalem in company with Luke and Trophimus, an Ephesian. [45][46][47], The Gospel of Thomas[note 9] confirms the account of Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding the risen Jesus' appearance to James. (Acts 21:17–18), The Synoptic Gospels, similarly to the Epistle to the Galatians, recognize a core group of three disciples (Peter, John and James) having the same names as those given by Paul. Lightfoot) think it probable that Symeon was appointed immediately after James' death, therefore before the destruction of Jerusalem; others (e.g. In addition, Mary, Joseph, and Jesus's brothers or siblings are often described together, without reference to any other relatives (Matthew 12:46–49, Mark 3:31–34, 6:3, Luke 8:19–21, John 2:12, Acts 1:14), and Jesus's brothers are described without allusion to others (John 7:2–5, 1 Corinthians 9:5). The Gospels, with disputed datings ranging from about 50 to as late as 130 AD, describe the period of Jesus' ministry, around 30-33 AD. IV. In a 4th-century letter pseudographically ascribed to the 1st century Clement of Rome,[53] James was called the "bishop of bishops, who rules Jerusalem, the Holy Church of the Hebrews, and all the Churches everywhere".[54]. The modern scholar Robert Eisenman, however, is of the belief that Luke, as a close follower of Pauline Gentile Christianity, sought to minimise the importance of Jesus' family by whatever means possible, editing James and Jesus' brothers out of the Gospel record. After saying that James the Less is the same as James, the son of Mary of Cleophas, wife of Alphaeus and sister of Mary the Lord's mother, Jerome describes in his work De Viris Illustribus that James "the brother of the Lord" is the same as James, the son of Alpaheus and Mary of Cleophas: James, who is called the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Mary sister of the mother our Lord Mary of Cleophas of whom John makes mention in his book (John 19:25)[41]. II. James is presented a principal author of the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. (1) Mary the mother of the Lord; (2) Mary the wife of Cleophas or Alphaeus, who was the mother of James the bishop and apostle, and of Simon and Thaddeus, and of one Joseph; (3) Mary Salome, wife of Zebedee, mother of John the evangelist and James; (4) Mary Magdalene. According to Philip Schaff in 1904, this account by "Hegesippus has been cited over and over again by historians as assigning the date of the martyrdom to 69," though he challenged the assumption that Hegesippus gives anything to denote such a date. Robert Esenman, James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher. 22, calls Clopas the uncle of the Lord, which would make him of course the brother or brother-in-law of Joseph. Clopas is mentioned in John 19:25, as the husband of Mary, who is without doubt identical with Mary the mother of James (the little) and of Joses; mentioned in Matthew 27:56, Mark 15:40, &c. If Hegesippus' account be accepted as trustworthy (and there is no reason for doubting it), Symeon was the son of Clopas and Mary, and therefore brother of James the Little and Joses. James was clearly a leader of the church at Jerusalem. It is noticeable that Hegesippus nowhere calls him the "brother of the Lord," though he does give James that title in Bk. Tasker[57] and D. Hill,[58] say the Matthew 1:25 statement that Joseph "knew her not until she had brought forth her firstborn son" to mean that Joseph and Mary did have normal marital relations after Jesus' birth, and that James, Joses, Jude, and Simon, were the natural sons of Mary and Joseph and, thus, half brothers of Jesus. In the list of the disciples found in the Gospels, two disciples whose names are James, the son of Alphaeus and James, son of Zebedee are mentioned in the list of the twelve disciples: (Matthew 10:1–4). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, James is commemorated as "Apostle James the Just, brother of Our Lord", and as such, multiple days are assigned to his feasts. [68] However, unlike some other New Testament authors, apostle Paul had a perfect command of Greek, a language which has a specific word for cousin and another for brother calling James "the brother of our Lord" (Galatians 1:19). 5, although he had a list of the Jerusalem bishops, had no information as to the dates of their accession, or the length of their incumbency. The Book of James was written around 49 AD by James, a leader in the very first Christian church, the Church of Jerusalem. Interpretation of the phrase "brother of the Lord" and similar phrases is divided between those who believe that Mary had additional children after Jesus and those who hold the perpetual virginity of Mary (Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and some Protestants, such as many Anglicans and some Lutherans). [citation needed]. This became the ruling of the Council, agreed upon by all the apostles and elders and sent to the other churches by letter. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Clement of Alexandria (late 2nd century) wrote in the sixth book of his Hypotyposes that James the Just was chosen as a bishop of Jerusalem by Peter, James (the Greater) and John: "For they say that Peter and James and John after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose James the Just bishop of Jerusalem. Clopas is mentioned in John 19:25, as the husband of Mary, who is without doubt identical with Mary the mother of James (the little) and of Joses; mentioned in Matthew 27:56, Mark 15:40, &c. If Hegesippus' account be accepted as trustworthy (and there is no reason for doubting it), Symeon was the son of Clopas and Mary, and therefore brother of James the Little and Joses. 5, although he had a list of the Jerusalem bishops, had no information as to the dates of their accession, or the length of their incumbency. After the martyrdom of James and the conquest of Jerusalem which immediately followed, it is said that those of the apostles and disciples of the Lord that were still living came together from all directions with those that were related to the Lord according to the flesh (for the majority of them also were still alive) to take counsel as to who was worthy to succeed James. In the November 2002 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, André Lemaire of the Sorbonne University in Paris published the report that an ossuary bearing the inscription "Ya'aqov bar Yosef achui d'Yeshua" ("James son of Joseph brother of Jesus") had been identified belonging to a collector, Oded Golan. [68] Despite this, some biblical scholars tend to distinguish them; this is also not Catholic dogma, though a traditional teaching. But one among them, one of the fullers, took the staff with which he was accustomed to wring out the garments he dyed, and hurled it at the head of the just man. 23. "[39], According to Eusebius (3rd/4th century) James was named a bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles: "James, the brother of the Lord, to whom the episcopal seat at Jerusalem had been entrusted by the apostles". The oldest surviving Christian liturgy, the Liturgy of St James, uses this epithet.[14]. That one loca1 church was the church of Jerusalem, the first Christian church. "[84][85][86] Saint James the great, one of the … "[1] According to protestant theologian Philip Schaff, James seems to have taken the place of James the son of Zebedee, after his martyrdom, around 44 AD. This is because the eldest son would take responsibility for his mother after the death of her husband; any other sons of Mary should have taken on this responsibility if they existed, therefore arguing against a direct natural brother relationship. Bruce [p.5] There was a period―it did not last very long―during which the holy church throughout all the world was confined within the limits of one local church. Origen's Commentary on Matthew 10.17 in, Schaff: "Hegesippus, who lived near the apostolic age, in the fifth book of his Commentaries, writing of James, says 'After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at Jerusalem. For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man.»"[73]. [43] Luke's reporting of the visit of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to the Temple of Jerusalem when Jesus was 12 years old makes no reference to any of Jesus' half-brothers. [68] According to the apocryphal First Apocalypse of James, James is not the earthly brother of Jesus, but a spiritual brother[78] who according to the Gnostics "received secret knowledge from Jesus prior to the Passion". The bishop of Salamis, Epiphanius, wrote too in his work The Panarion (AD 374-375) that "...James (brother of Jesus) was Joseph's son by Joseph's first wife, not by Mary..."[62] He adds that Joseph became the father of James and his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary[63] or a Salome and an Anna[64]) with James being the elder sibling. Hegesippus (c.110–c.180), wrote five books (now lost except for some quotations by Eusebius) of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church. Eusebius records that Clement of Alexandria related, "This James, whom the people of old called the Just because of his outstanding virtue, was the first, as the record tells us, to be elected to the episcopal throne of the Jerusalem church. The date of Symeon's accession (assuming that he did take charge of the Jerusalem church as James had done) cannot be fixed. [68] Rather, something like "sons of the mother of Jesus" would have been used to indicate a common mother. Upon what authority Eusebius' more definite account rests we do not know. And he departed, and went into another place. In two small but potentially important works of Hippolytus, On the Twelve Apostles of Christ and On the Seventy Apostles of Christ, he relates the following: And James the son of Alphaeus, when preaching in Jerusalem was stoned to death by the Jews, and was buried there beside the temple. Paul was affiliated with this community, and took his central kerygma, as described in 1 Corinthians 15, from this community. His feast days are on October 23, December 26 and the next Sunday of the Nativity along with King David and Saint Joseph and January 4 among the Seventy Apostles. From John 19:25 it is at any rate plain that their wives cannot have been own sisters, as was formerly maintained by so many commentators. Paul was affiliated with this community, and took his central kerygma, as described in 1 Corinthians 15, from this community. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joseph, and Salome. Apostle, the Lord's brother", "Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Same Hippolytus on the Seventy Apostles", "When and Why Was the Acts of the Apostles Written? Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Clopas also need not be literally sisters, in light of the usage of the said words in Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic. And he said, Go show these things unto James, and to the brethren. ", ... threw down the just man... [and] began to stone him: for he was not killed by the fall; but he turned, and kneeled down, and said: "I beseech thee, Lord God our Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.". [60][61] Jerome asserts in his tract The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary, as an answer to Helvidius, that the term first-born was used to refer to any offspring that opened the womb, rather than definitely implying other children. Take thy stand, then, upon the summit of the temple, that from that elevated spot thou mayest be clearly seen, and thy words may be plainly audible to all the people. Fragment X of Papias (writing in the second century) refers to "James the bishop and apostle". He was a cousin, as they say, of the Saviour. And so he ruled the church of Jerusalem thirty years, that is, until the seventh year of Nero. The Church of Saint James is dedicated to two martyred saints of that name. According to this view, Clopas fathered James and the later siblings, but not Jesus. Specifically, it appeared that the inscription had been added recently and made to look old by addition of a chalk solution. Thus, Jerome concludes that James, the son of Alphaeus, James the Less, and James, brother of the Lord, are one and the same person. James was put to death in Jerusalem by the Sanhedrin in 62. [14] Scholar James D. G. Dunn has proposed that Peter was the "bridge-man" (i.e. Preparing the Ashes: ASH WEDNESDAY marks the beginning of Lent, a 40-day season of fasting, reflection and penance, in preparation for Holy Week and Easter: the commemoration of The Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Upon the martyrdom of Symeon, see below, chap. If he is an apostle, he must be the son of Alphæus and a believer in Jesus, The only conclusion is that the Mary, who is described as the mother of James the Less was the wife of Alphæus and sister of Mary the Lord's mother, the one who is called by John the Evangelist "Mary of Clopas"[43]:F.15. and are not his sisters here with us? James is traditionally acknowledged as the author of the epistle of James in the NT. "The Brethren of the Lord." The church of Saint James is one of the few cathedrals in Jerusalem from the Crusades to have survived almost intact. [73], According to a passage found in existing manuscripts of Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (20.9.1), "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" met his death after the death of the procurator Porcius Festus but before Lucceius Albinus had assumed office – which has been dated to 62.
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